Home Work on Church History (Fr. Dilip Costa), Pope Eugene II, 2nd Home Work

†cvc 2q BDwRb

(†g 824 wLªóvã - AvM÷ 827 wLªóvã)

 

wcªÝ †nbix mœvj

1g el©, 1g wkÿvel©-2013

 

†cvc 2q BDwRb (Latin name: Eugenius II) †iv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib (Zuvi Rb¥ ZvwiL †Kv_vI D‡jøL †bB)| wZwb gÊjxi 99Zg †cvc| Zuvi c~e©myix wQ‡jb 1g cv¯‹vj Ges DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb †f‡j›UvBb| The Annales Einhard (Monumenta Germanica Historica: Scriptores 1:212) Abymv‡i †cvc 2q BDwRb wQ‡jb †mB›U mvwebv (St. Sabina) Gi cÖavb cyiwnZ| wZwb wQ‡jb †iv‡gi GKRb bvMwiK Ges hvi d‡j †cvc 1g cv¯‹v‡ji g„Zz¨i ci †cvc c`cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxq MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³e‡M©i mg_©b jvf K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K mvaviY RbMY Øviv MwVZ ¶z`ª ivR‰bwZK `j mg_©bcyó wRwÄbym (Zinzinnus), Zuvi wecix‡Z †cvc c`cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡ib| d«¨v¼ mgªvU jyBm `¨v wcDm (Louis the Pious)-Gi cyÎ 1g jy_vBi (Lothair I)-Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mdj wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| 1g jy_vBi (Lothair I)-Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ wQj bewbe©vwPZ †cv‡ci KZ©„cÿ wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv| †mB my‡hv‡M 1g jy_vBi (Lothair I) †cvcxq cÖkvm‡bi eûwea Awbqg I wek„•Ljv cÖwZKvi K‡ib Ges bZzb wjwLZ AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡ib †h, ïaygvÎ d«¨v¼ mgªvU Øviv ¯^xK…Z I Aby‡gvw`Z †cvcMYB gÊjxi cÖK…Z †cvc wn‡m‡e Kg©m¤úv`‡b I cwiwPwZ jv‡f mÿg n‡eb|

`vwqZ¡ MÖnY

†cvc 1g cv¯‹v‡ji g„Zz¨i ci †g 824 wLªóv‡ã †cvc 2q BDwRb Kv_wjK gÊjxi 99Zg †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| c~e©eZ©x †cvc 1g cv¯‹vj (Paschal I)-Gi †cvcxq kvmbvg‡j †ivgvb AwfRvZ e¨w³e‡M©i ÿgZv e„w× †c‡j wZwb Zv †iva Ki‡Z me©vZ¥Kfv‡e †Póv K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K †ivgvb AwfRvZ e¨w³eM© †cvc 1g cv¯‹vj (Paschal I)-Gi wecix‡Z Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb `„p Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ d«¨v¼‡`i mg_©‡b D‡`¨vMx nb| ZvB 1g cv¯‹vj (Paschal I)-Gi g„Zz¨i ci GB †ivgvb AwfRvZ e¨w³eM© Zv‡`i wbR¯^ GKRb cÖv_©x‡K (†cvc 1g BDwRb) Zuvi DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z kªgmva¨ †Póv K‡ib Ges ejv hvq †h, G‡ÿ‡Î Zviv mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z mÿg nb| A_©vr †cvc 1g BDwRb Zv‡`i mn‡hvMxZvq †cv‡ci DËivwaKvix Ges Ae‡k‡l †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| hw`I 769 wLªóv‡ã 4_© w÷‡d‡bi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ †ivgvb KvDwÝj (Roman Council) Gi Av‡`k (Decree) Abyhvqx Zv‡`i †cvcxq wbe©vP‡b n¯Í‡ÿc Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi wQj bv| wjevi cw›UwdKvwjm (Liber Pontificalis)-Gi c~e© ms¯‹i‡Y Zv‡`i cÖv_©x‡K †evgvÛ (Boemund)-Gi cyÎ e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡qwQj, wKš‘ mv¤cÖwZK ms¯‹i‡Y Zuvi wcZvi bvg cÖKvk Kiv nq wb| hv‡nvK, †cvc 1g BDwRb‡K Zuvi †cvcxq kvmbvg‡j AwZ m‡PZbZvi mv‡_ Kg©m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|

d«¨v¼‡`i cÖfve

†cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I) †cvc wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nIqvUv d«¨v¼‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© weRq wQj †Kbbv wZwb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zv‡`i AvbyMZ¨ †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb| ZvB Zviv †iv‡gi cÖkvmwbK Kvh© m¤úv`‡b Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb Av‡iv my`„p Ki‡Z w¯’i msKí MÖnY K‡ib| Z`bymv‡i mgªvU jyBm `¨v wcDm (Louis the Pious), Zuvi cyÎ 1g jy_vBi (Lothair I)-†K d«¨v¼ cÖfve Av‡iv kw³kvjx Ki‡Z †iv‡g †cÖiY K‡ib| †ivgvb AwfRvZ e¨w³eM© hviv c~e©eZ©x mgªv‡Ui ivRZ¡Kv‡j d«v‡Ý wbe©vwmZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i‡K cybivq wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ Av‡`k Kiv nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡`i ev‡Rqvß m¤úwËmg~n cybivq wdwi‡q †`Iqv nq| Kbw÷UzwkI †ivgvbv (Constitutio Romana) -†Z M„nxZ AvBb hv mgªvU Ges †cv‡ci ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i e¨vcv‡i 824 wLªóv‡ã w¯’i msK‡í DcbxZ nq †h, †Kvb †cvcB cÖK…Z †cvc wn‡m‡e Kg©m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv hw` bv d«¨v¼ mgªvU Øviv ¯^xK…Z I Aby‡gvw`Z bv nq|

gÊjx‡Z †cvc 1g BDwR‡bi Ae`vb 

†cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I)-Gi †cvcxq kvmbvg‡j Iconoclasm^[1] åvšÍgZev` cybivq DwÌZ nq (Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Concilia 2: 473-551)| 1g jy_vBi (Lothair I) †ivg †Q‡o hvIqvi ci ciB evBRv›UvBb mgªvU 2q gvB‡Kj (Michael II, 820-829) Ges w_Iwdjym (Theophilus, 829-842)-Gi cÖwZwbwaMY ivD‡qb (Rouen)-G b‡f¤^i 17, 824 wLªóv‡ã d«¨v¼ mgªvU jyBm (Louis)-Gi Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z nb| Zv‡`i jÿ¨ wQj ag©xq Dcvmbvj‡q †Kvb cÖKvi Qwe ev g~wZ© c~Rv ev Avivabv Kiv †_‡K RbMY‡K weiZ ivLv A_©vr Zviv Iconoclasm åvšÍ gZev`‡K cybtcÖwZ¯’v Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| ZvB cÖvP¨ gÊjx Iconoclasm wel‡q †h cÖkœ K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z d«¨v¼ mgªvU jyBm (Louis) Zvi wKQz D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix‡K †cv‡ci wbKU †cÖiY K‡ib| d«¨v¼ mgªvU cÖ_g ch©v‡q GB we‡kl Kvh© m¤úv`‡b e¨v_© nb| wKš‘ wZwb †cv‡ci KvQ †_‡K D³ wel‡q Av‡jvPbvc~e©K w¯’i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi wbwg‡Ë weÁ wekcMY hviv HkZË¡we` wQ‡jb Zv‡`i wb‡q b‡f¤^i 01, 825 wLªóv‡ã GKwU mfv AvnŸv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl AbygwZ jvf K‡ib| †mB eQ‡ii †kl w`‡K cwðgv kvmKMY †cv‡ci wbKU GKwU cÎ †cÖiY K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b D‡jøL wQj, †cvc †hb Zuvi †hvM¨ cÖwZwbwa d«¨v¼ D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix‡`i m‡½ cwðgv gÊjxi Iconoclasm wel‡q †h gZ Zv Dc¯’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Kb&÷vw›U‡bvc‡j †cÖiY K‡ib| †cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I) D³ wel‡q AbygwZ `vb Ki‡eb wKbv GB wel‡q mgªvU jyBm kw¼Z wQ‡jb (ibid. 2:533)| hv‡nvK, cieZ©x‡Z †cvc D‡jøwLZ wel‡q †Kvb cÖKvi c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb wKbv A_©vr cÖv‡P¨i gÊjxi wbKU †Kvb cÖwZwbwa ev †Kvb cÎ †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb wKbv †mB wel‡q †Kvb wKQz Rvbv hvq wb|

†cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I) 826 wLªóv‡ã 62 Rb wekc‡`i wb‡q GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ag©mfvi AvnŸvb K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b 38wU Avbymvw½K wbqg-Kvbyb cÖKvk Kiv nq| Dc¯’vwcZ wbqg-Kvby‡bi gva¨Kvi we‡kl K‡qKwU Aby‡”Q` Øviv Aby‡gq †h †cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I) wkÿvi Dci AZ¨waK †Rvi w`‡qwQ‡jb| GQvovI cybivq gÊjxi k„•Ljv Avbqb, RbM‡Yi wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ we`¨vjq wbg©vY, cyiwnZ‡`i ag©xqfvec~Y© †cvkvK-cwi”Q` cwiavb Ges †h mKj cyiwnZMY RvMwZK KvRK‡g© AZ¨axK wbhy³ Zv‡`i‡K †m mKj Kg© †_‡K weiZ _vKv BZ¨vw` welqvw`i Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| †cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I)  Mixe, weaev, Ges GwZg‡`i Kj¨vYv‡_© wewea cÖ‡`kmg~n MÖnY K‡ib| ZvB Zuv‡K “Father of the People” e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| 

†cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I) Gi Ab¨ Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb nj, wZwb 826 wLªóv‡ãi †k‡li w`‡K †Wbgv‡K© wb‡qvwRZ wLªóevYx cÖPviK mvay AvÝMvi (St. Ansgar) Ges Zuvi mn‡hvMx‡`i wgkbvix Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvMxZv cÖ`v‡bi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| †mB mv‡_ wZwb Zuv‡`i GB gnvb K‡g©i Rb¨ cÖksmv K‡ib|  

g„Zz¨ 

†cvc 1g BDwRb (Eugene I) 27 AvM÷ 827 wLªóv‡ã †iv‡g g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib Ges cÖ_vbyhvqx Zuv‡K mvay wcZ‡ii gnvgw›`‡i mgvwnZ Kiv nq|

Bibliogrphy

1.      New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2^nd ed., v.5, s.v. ‘Eugene II, Pope’, by H. G. J. Beck.

2.      The Encyclopedia Americana, 2001, v.10, s.v. ‘Eugene II’, by Marion A. Habig, O.F.M.

3.      KELLY, J. N. D. : The Oxford Dictionary of Pope. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986.

4.      CASTLE, Tony and Peter McGrath: On this Rock. The Popes and their times: St. Peter to John Paul II, London, St. Pauls, 2002.

5.      Websites and Links :    

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[1] Iconoclasm GKwU åvšÍgZ| MÖxK kã eikon (cÖwZK…wZ) Ges klaein (fMœ Kiv) †_‡K Iconoclasm kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| GB gZvbymv‡i ag©xq wPÎ I g~wZ© ivLv ev kª×v Kiv wbwq×| GB aŸsmKvix g‡Zi cÖeZ©K n‡jb evBRv›UvBb (Byzantine) mgªvU Z…Zxq wjI (Leo III)| wZwb 726 Ges 730 wLªóv‡ã ci ci `yÕwU Av‡`k †lvlYv K‡ib: Ò†h †Kvb cÖKvi ag©xq Qwe ev g~wZ© aŸsm Ki‡Z n‡e| †h †KD GB AbykvmwbK wewai we‡ivwaZv Ki‡e, †m `wÛZ n‡e|Ó    (dv: wR. AvMw÷b, wLªógÊjxi BwZnvm, K…òbMi, mvay †hv‡md †Uªwbs BbwówUDU Ad& wcÖw›Us,  2005, c„-87|) 

Home Work on Indian Philosophy (Fr. Ajit O.M.I.), Sankars Philosophy, Class Presentation

ksK‡ii A‰ØZev` ev †Kejv‰ØZev`

Dc¯’vcbv : wcÖÝ mœvj I cÖ`xc gªs

1g el©, 1g †mwg÷vi - 2013|

DcµgwYKv  

A‰ØZev` GKwU AwZ cÖPxb `vk©wbK gZev`| G gZev‡`i mv‡_ ksKivPv‡h©i bvg we‡klfv‡e RwoZ Ges A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, ksKivPvh©B A‰ØZev` gZev‡`i cÖeZ©K, hw`I ksKi-c~e© hy‡MI Gi Drm Luy‡R cvIqv hvq| Aek¨ G K_v ¯^xKvh© †h, A‰ØZev‡`i cÖPvi Ges cÖwZôvi g~‡j whwb KvR K‡i‡Qb, wZwb  n‡”Qb ksKivPvh©| mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q ksKivPv‡h©i gZev`B n‡”Q A‰ØZev`|

mswÿß cwiPq

ksKivPvh© gvÎ 32 eQi RxweZ wQ‡jb| wKš‘ GB Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ wZwb †h `vk©wbK cÖwZfvi cwiPq †i‡L †M‡Qb Zv AZzjbxq| Wqmb (Deussen), fvÊviKi Ges MvVK, Zuv‡`i g‡Z ksKivPv‡h©i RxebKvj wQj 788 wLªóvã †_‡K 820 wLªóvã ch©šÍ| [1] wZwb `wÿY fvi‡Zi †Kij iv‡óª b¤^yix eªvþY es‡k ˆekvLx ïK¬ cÂgx wZw_‡Z wÎev¼z‡ii AšÍM©Z Kvjvwo bvgK MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg wke¸iæ Ges gvZvi bvg wewkóv| Kw_Z Av‡Q, gvÎ AvU eQi eq‡m wZwb m¤ú~Y© †e` Aa¨qb K‡iwQ‡jb Ges H eq‡mB msmvi Z¨vM K‡ib| M„nZ¨vMx nIqvi ci wZwb bg©`v b`xi Zx‡i G‡m †mLv‡b ˆe`yh©gwY ce©‡Zi ¸nvq mvaYviZ †Mvwe›`cv` bv‡g R‰bK ˆe`vwšÍ‡Ki wkl¨ nb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb †mLvb †_‡K Kvkx Ges e`wiKvkª‡g Mgb K‡ib| ksKivPvh© AZzjbxq `vk©wbK cÖwZfv, ¶ziavi eyw× I Acwi‡gq Kg©`ÿZvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| mgmvgwqK eû cwÊZ‡K wZwb evK& hy‡× civwRZ K‡ib| Kw_Z Av‡Q, gÊbwgkª Zuvi m‡½ Z‡K© civwRZ n‡q Zuvi wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib Ges my‡ik¦ivPvh© bvg cwiwPZ nb| GQvovI Zuvi Ab¨ wZbRb wk‡l¨i bvg nj cÙcv`, n¯ÍvgjK Ges †ZvUK| GB PviRb wkl¨ cieZx©‡Z A‰ØZ `k©‡bi Dci A‡bK fvl¨ iPbv K‡ib| Dcwbl` I eªþmy‡Îi Dci Zuvi `k©b cÖwZwôZ n‡jI Dcwbl` I eªþmy‡Îi e¨vL¨vi mgq wZwb †Kvb ag©wek¦v‡mi Øviv cÖfvweZ nbwb| myÿ hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wZwb Zv‡`i Dci †h `vk©wbK †mŠa wbg©vY K‡i †M‡Qb Zv hyM hyM a‡i mK‡ji we¯§q I kª×vi D‡`ªK K‡i‡Q|

ksKivPv‡h©i iwPZ MÖš’mg~n

ksK‡ii iwPZ fvl¨MÖš’ †gvU †lvjwU| h_v- Ck, †Kb, KV, cÖkœ, g~ÊK, gvÊyK¨, Qv‡›`vM¨, e„n`viY¨K, †k¦Zvk¦i, ˆZwËixq Ges HZ¨‡iq cÖf„wZ Dcwbl‡`i Dci fvl¨ iPbv K‡ib| GQvovI Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ †¯ÍvÎMÖ‡š’i bvg nj- †gvngy`&Mi, AvZ¥‡eva, `k‡køvKx, Dc‡`kmvnmªx Ges Ac‡ivÿbyf’wZ|  

RMr m¤ú‡K© ksK‡ii gZev` ev gvqvev` (Sankara’s Conception of the World or Mayabad)

ksK‡ii g‡Z, RMr wg_¨v| RM‡Zi †Kvb mËv †bB| G RMr gvqvi m„wó| G RMr ¯^cœ`ªó e¯‘ ev åg cÖZ¨‡ÿi e¯‘i b¨vq wg_¨v Aefvm gvÎ| Zuvi g‡Z, RMr †h wg_¨vi gvqvi m„wó, †e` I Dcwbl‡` Gi ¯úó Bw½Z cvIqv hvq| F‡M¦‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒB›`ª gvqvwft c~Y©iƒc Cq‡ZÓ, A_©vr B›`ª gvqvi mvnv‡h¨ bvbvwea iƒc aviY K‡i| e„n`viY¨K Dcwbl‡`I Gi ¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q| †k¦Zvk¦i Dcwbl‡` my¯úófv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q †h, RM‡Zi m„wó Ck¦‡ii gvqv †_‡K| myZivs G RMr wg_¨v gvqv ˆe wKQzB bq|

GLb cÖkœ n‡jv, RMr †h gvqvi m„wó, Zvi ¯^iƒc wK? Dˇi ksKi e‡jb, G gvqv eª‡þiB GK Awbe©Pbxq kw³| G kw³ Rv`yK‡ii Rv`ykw³i b¨vq gvbyl‡K åvwšÍ‡Z †di‡Z cv‡i| Rv`yKi †hgb Zvi Rv`ykw³i Øviv GKUzK‡iv KMR‡K GKwU e¨vsK †bvwU (UvKvq) cwiYZ K‡i gvbyl‡K †auvKv w`‡q cÖZvwiZ K‡i _v‡K, †Zgwbfv‡e eªþI Zuvi gvqvkw³e‡j AmZ¨ RMr‡K wbixn gvby‡li Kv‡Q mZ¨ e‡j cÖwZcbœ K‡i| Rv`yK‡ii nv‡Zi GKUzK‡iv KMR‡K GKwU e¨v¼ †bvU wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvevi KiY n‡jv Zvi AÁZv ev Áv‡bi Afve| Z`ªæc ejv P‡j †h, eª‡þi gvqvkw³ RMr †`Lvq; Avi mvaviY AÁ gvbyl Zv‡K ev¯Íe e‡j cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i| e¯‘Z RMr wg_¨v| ksKi AviI e‡jb, Rv`yKi †hgb Zvi evKPvZziZvc~Y© Rv`y w`‡q Ab¨ Av‡iK Rb Rv`yKi‡K weåvwšÍ‡Z †dj‡Z cv‡i bv| eªþI Z`ªæc Zvi gvqvkw³e‡j †Kv‡bv ZË¡Ávbm¤úbœ gvbyl‡K åvwšÍ‡Z †dj‡Z cv‡ib bv| ZË¡Ávbx e¨w³ Zuvi ZË¡Ávb Øviv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h, GKgvÎ eª‡þiB mËv Av‡Q, RMr ev Avi Kv‡iv †Kvb mËv †bB|

GLb ¯^fveZB Av‡iKwU cÖkœ `uvovq †h, RMr e‡j hw` wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ bv †_‡K _v‡K ev RMr hw` wg_¨A gvqv n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j Zv mZ¨ e‡j cÖwZfvZ nq †Kb? G cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡b ksKivPvh© Zuvi gvqvev‡`i AeZviYv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, RMr mZ¨ ev mr bq| Z‡e GUv mZ¨iƒ‡c cÖwZfvZ nq| Avi G cÖwZfvZ nIqvwU GKwU Aefvm gvÎ (Mere appearance) | e¯‘Z RMr gvqvi m„wó| G †ÿ‡Î Avevi cÖkœ `uvovq, ÔgvqvÕ wK? Dˇi ksKi e‡jb †h, ÔgvqvÕ GK AeY©bxq kw³| RM‡Zi g‡Zv gvqvI mZ¨ ev mr bq|

gvqv‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ ksKivPvh© ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Aa¨vm cÖZ¨ÿY (Illusion) Gi e¨envi K‡ib| †hgb - AÜKv‡i Avgiv hLb k¥kv‡bi †MB‡Ui wcjvi‡K f~Z e‡j cÖZÿY Kwi, ZLb Avgv‡`i G cÖZ¨ÿ fzj cÖZ¨ÿ ev åg cÖZ¨ÿY| GLv‡b †MB‡Ui wcjv‡i f~Z Av‡ivc KivB n‡jv Aa¨vm ev åg cÖZ¨ÿY| G cªKvi åg cÖZ¨ÿ‡Y †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Awaôvb ev mZ¨ e¯‘ _v‡K ( G †ÿ‡Î †MB‡Ui wcjviB Awaôvb), †h Awaôv‡bi Dci Ab¨ wKQzi Avwef©ve Kíbv Kiv nq| †hgb - GLv‡b f~ZB Kíbv| G fzj ev åg cÖZ¨ÿ‡Yi KviY n‡jv Awe`¨v ev AÁvb (Ignorance)| G Awe`¨vi Kvi‡YB gvbyl eªþ‡K RMr e‡j fzj K‡i|

ksK‡ii g‡Z, Awe`¨vq `ywU kw³ we`¨gvb| h_v - AveiY kw³ Ges we‡ÿcY kw³| Awe`¨v Zvi AveiY kw³i mvnv‡h¨ cÖ_‡g Ave„Ë K‡i †mUv‡K Avgv‡`i `„wói Avovj K‡i iv‡L| (†hgb D³ D`vni‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †MBU‡K Avovj K‡i †i‡L‡Q) Ges c‡i we‡ÿcY kw³i mvnv‡h¨ wg_¨v e¯‘‡K m„wó K‡i (GLv‡b †hgb f~Z-Gi m„wó K‡i‡Q)| ksK‡ii g‡Z, GKBfv‡e RM‡ZiI e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| Avgiv mvaviY gvbyl Avgv‡`i Awe`¨vekZ eªþ‡K RMr e‡j fzj Kwi| G Awe`¨v gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K eªþ‡K Avovj K‡i Zvi ¯’‡j RMr‡K we‡ÿc K‡i Ges gvbyl RMr‡K mZ¨ e‡j fzj K‡i|

ksKivPv‡h©i g‡Z, RMr eª‡þi cwiYvg bq, RMr eª‡þi weeZ©| G K_vwU Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j Rvbv `iKvi †h, weeZ© ev weeZ©b Ges cwiYvg ej‡Z wK eySvq? †h gZev` Abymv‡i KviY KL‡bv Kv‡h© cwiYZ nq bv, Kvh©iƒ‡c cÖwZfvZ nq gvÎ, Zv‡K ejv nq AveZ© ev weeZ©bev`| Avi †h gZev` Abyhvqx KviY cÖK„ZB Kv‡h© cwiYZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq cwiYvgev`| †hgb- Qvbv `y‡ai h_v_© cwiYvg| cwiYvgev`x‡`i g‡Z, m„wói c~‡e© RMr Ae¨³ Ae¯’vq wQj Ges m„wói ga¨‡g Ae¨³ RMr eª‡þ Kvh©iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq| ksKi G g‡Zi we‡ivwaZv K‡i e‡jb †h, eªþ RM‡Z cwiYZ nb bv, RMriƒ‡c cÖwZfvZ nb gvÎ| †hgb- k¥kv‡bi †M‡U hLb f~‡Zi åg cÖZ¨ÿ nq, ZLb †MUwU f~‡Z cwiYZ nq bv, f~Z e‡j cÖwZfvZ nq gvÎ|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, ksKi RMr‡K wg_¨v gvqv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b cÖkœ `uvovq, †Kvb `„wó‡Z RMr wg_¨v? ksK‡ii g‡Z, `ywU `„wófw½i Dc¯’vcb K‡i G cÖ‡kœi mgvavb †`qv hvq| h_v- cvigvw_©K `„wófw½ Ges e¨envwiK `„wófw½| Zuvi g‡Z, †h `„wófw½ Ávb-cÖm~Z, Zv n‡”Q cvigvw_©K `„wófw½| G cvigvw_©K `„wófw½‡Z RMr wg_¨v, GKgvÎ eªþB mZ¨| cÿvšÍ‡i †h `„wófw½ AÁvb-cÖm~Z, Zv e¨envwiK `„wófw½ Ges G e¨envwiK `„wófw½‡Z RMr mZ¨ Ges eªþ Zvi `ªóv, iÿK I msnviK|

e¨envwiK `„wófw½‡Z RMr-m„wóµ‡gi e¨vL¨vq ejv hvq †h, eªþ †_‡K cÖ_‡g Avwef©ve N‡U AvKv‡ki| Gi ci ch©vqµ‡g Avwef©ve N‡U evqy, AwMœ, Ac I wÿwZi| AvKvk, AwMœ, Ac I wÿwZ‡K ejv nq cÂZb¥vÎ| G¸‡jvi mswgkªY †_‡K m„wó nq cÂgnvf~‡Zi| †hgb- AvKvk gnvf~Z †_‡K m„wó nq A‡a©K AvKvk-Zb¥vÎ, GK Aóvsk evqy-Zb¥vÎ, GK AvUvsk AwMœ-Zb¥vÎ, GK AvUvsk Ac-Zb¥vÎ Ges GK AvUvsk wÿwZ- Zb¥v‡Îi mswgkª‡Yi d‡j| Acivci gnvf~Z¸‡jvi m„wóI wVK GKBfv‡e msNwUZ nq| A_©¨r †h †Kvb GKwU gnvf~‡Zi m„wó nq, Zvi Zb¥v‡Îi A‡a©K Ask Ges Acivci Zb¥vθ‡jvi GK GKwUi Aóvs‡ki mswgkª‡Y| Zb¥vθ‡jvi Giƒc mswgkªY‡K ejv nq cÂxKiY| gvby‡li ¯’~j †`nmn mg¯Í ¯’~j `ªe¨ G cuvPwU cÂf~‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ nq| gvby‡li m~² †`nI G cÂZb¥v‡Îi Øviv MwVZ| ksK‡ii g‡Z, RMr wg_¨v gvqv n‡jI RM‡Zi G wg_¨vZ¡ wKš‘ ¯^‡cœi g‡Zv AjxK ev cÖwZfvwmK wg_¨v bq| RMr n‡jv cvigvw_©K wg_¨v| cvigvw_©K `„wó‡Z GKgvÎ eªþB mZ¨| cÿvšÍ‡i e¨envwiK `„wó‡Z RMr mZ¨| G w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j ksK‡ii gvqvev` Z_v RMr m¤úK©xq gZev` †eŠ× `k©‡bi weÁvbev` I ¸Yev` †_‡K ¯^vZ‡š¿i `vwe iv‡L Ges ksKivPvh©‡K GKRb e¯‘ ¯^vZš¿ev`x `vk©wbK ejv P‡j|

ksK‡ii eªþ welqK gZve` (Sankar’s Conception of God)             

ÔeªþÕ kãwUi kãg~j Ôe„n&Õ|  Ôe„n&Õ A_© Ôe„a&'- e„w× ev cÖmvwiZ nIqv, e„nr nIqv| e„n& + gb& = eªþ| ÔeªþÕ kãwUi ey¨rcwË K¬xewj½ Ôeªþb&Õ kã n‡Z D™f‚Z| ey¨rwËMZ A_©: e„n‡Zi †PZbv ev kw³| eªþ g~jZt †PZbvi we‡õviY| eª‡þi †PZbvq ùzwiZ nq evK&| eªþ Ges evK& Awfbœ| ÔeªvþYÕ kãwU cyswj½evPK, A_©- ÔeªvþwerÕ| j¨vwZb ‘Verbum’ kãwUi m‡½ kãg~‡ji wePv‡i ÔeªþÕ k‡ãi wgj i‡q‡Q| ‘Verbum’ kãwUi Bs‡iRx iƒcvšÍi ‘Word’, m„Rbkxj kã ev Logos| †h A‡_© ÔevK&' A_ev kã n‡Z m„wó m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cieª‡þi Rxe Ges RM‡Zi m„wó, w¯’wZ Ges j‡qi cÖwZ †Kvb cÖKvi AvKl©Y wKsev AbyivM †bB| Ôm¸Y eªþÕ cÖRvcwZ (Lord), wR‡nvev (Jehovah), Avjøvn Ges Ck¦i (God), wcZv A_ev cÖwZcvjK e¨w³‡Z¡i A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|     

ksKivPv‡h©i g‡Z, GKgvÎ eªþB mZ¨ Ges GKgvÎ eª‡þiB mËv i‡q‡Q| RMr ev Avi †Kvb wKQzi mËv †bB| eª‡þi ¯^iƒc Av‡jvPbvq wZwb e‡jb, eªþ wbZ¨, ï×, ey× I gy³| eªþ Amxg, AbšÍ I wb¸©Y| eªþ Ges AvZ¥vi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvZ¥v P eªþÕ, A_©vr AvZ¥vB eªþ| Zuvi g‡Z, meB eªþ (me©s Lwj¦`s eªþ)| RMr cÖP mZ¨ bq, wg_¨v Aefvm gvÎ| eªþB GKgvÎ mZ¨| RxeB eªþ, eªþvB me; Rxe Ges eªþ Afxbœ| ZvB RxevZ¥vB eªþ|

ksKivPv‡h©i g‡Z, eªþ mr, wPr Ges Avb›`¯^iƒc| eªþ mr gv‡b wZwb Amr bb, eªþ wPr gv‡b wZwb Ro bb Ges eªþ Avb›` ¯^iƒc- G K_vi A_© n‡jv wZwb `ytL ¯^iƒc bb| wZwb AviI e‡jb †h, eªþ wbwe©‡k‡l, A_©vr Zuvi †Kvb we‡kl †bB| ZvB eªþ‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z †M‡j wZwb wK- G K_v bv e‡j ej‡Z n‡e wZwb wK bb| A_©vr wZwb GUv bb, †mUv bb BZ¨vw`i mvnv‡h¨ eªþ‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z nq|

ksK‡ii g‡Z, `yÕw`K †_‡K eª‡þi eY©bv Kiv hvq| h_v- e¨envwiK `„wó‡Z Ges cvigvw_©K `„wó‡Z|

e¨envwiK `„wó‡Z eªþB RMr mªóv, RM‡Zi iÿKZ©v Ges RMr msnviK| G `„wó‡Z eªþ bvbvwea ¸‡Yi mgš^q| †hgb- eªþ me©Á, me©kw³gvb I me©Î weivRgvb cyiæl| Gme ¸Y wewkó eªþ‡KB ksKi m¸Y eªþ ev Ck¦i e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, G Ck¦‡iiB c~Rv-AP©bv nq| ksK‡ii g‡Z, mªóv ev eªþB GKgvÎ mZ¨, RMr wg_¨v Aefvm gvÎ| Avgv‡`i AÁZvi Kvi‡YB Avgiv RMr‡K mZ¨ e‡j g‡b Kwi Ges eªþ‡K RMr mªóv e‡j _vwK| eª‡þi G ai‡bi eY©bv Zuvi ¯^iƒc jÿ‡Yi (Essence) eY©bv bq, Zuvi AevšÍi ev Aev¯Íe jÿ‡Yi (Accidental quality) eY©bv|

cvigvw_©K `„wó‡Z, eªþ RMr mªóv, RMr iÿK ev RMr msnviK- Gi wKQzB bb| eªþ wbivKvi I wb¸©Y GK mËv| G `„wó‡Z eªþ mZ¨, Ávb I AbšÍ| GUv eª‡þi ¯^iƒc jÿY| Dcwbl‡` eª‡þi `ywU iƒ‡ci K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q, h_v- cieªþ n‡jv m¸Y eªþ|

ksK‡ii g‡Z, eª‡þi †Kv‡bv †f` †bB| †f` wZb cÖKvi- ¯^RvZxq †f`, weRvZxq †f` Ges ¯^MZ †f`| GKB RvZxq `ywU Rx‡ei ga¨Kvi †f` n‡”Q mRvZxq †f`| †hgb- A‡÷ªwjqvb Ges evsjv‡`kxq Mvfxi ga¨Kvi †f`| `ywU wfbœ RvZxq Rx‡ei ga¨Kvi †h †f`, Zv n‡”Q weRvZxq †f`| †hgb- Miæ I ev‡Ni ga¨Kvi †f`| Avevi GKB Rx‡ei †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki ga¨Kvi †f` n‡”Q ¯^MZ †f`| †hgb- GKwU wms‡ni †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki ga¨Kvi †f`| ksK‡ii g‡Z, D³ wZb cÖKvi †f‡`i †Kv‡bv cÖKvi †f`B eª‡þi †bB| eª‡þi Am`„k¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘I †bB e‡j eª‡þi †Kv‡bv weRvZxq †f`I †bB| Avevi eªþ †h‡nZz wbivKvi, †m‡nZz e„‡þi †Kv‡bv ¯^MZ †f‡`i wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv| Kv‡RB eªþ mKj †f`v‡f‡`i D‡aŸ©|

ksKi eª‡þi ¯^iƒc jÿY Ges AevšÍi ev Aev¯Íe jÿY welqwU‡K eySvevi Rb¨ eª‡þi mv‡_ Rv`yK‡ii ZzjbvwU Zz‡j a‡i e‡jb †h, Rv`yK‡ii Rv`yi †Ljv †`‡L mvaviY gvbyl AÁZvekZ cÖZvwiZ n‡q Rv`yKi‡K Zvi cÖKvwkZ NUbvi mªóv g‡b K‡i| wKš‘ weÁ e¨w³MY Rv`yK‡ii PvjevwR eyS‡Z cv‡ib e‡j Rv`yKi‡K Zvi cÖ`wk©Z NUbvi mªóv e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| †Zgwbfv‡e hviv RMr‡K mZ¨ e‡j g‡b K‡i, Zviv AÁZvekZ eªþ‡K RMrmªóviƒ‡c wek¦vm K‡i| wKš‘ huviv (ZË¡Ávbxiv) RMr‡K Aefvm e‡j Rvbvb, Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q m„wóI †bB, mªóvI †bB| ZvB Zuviv eªþ‡K RMrmªóv e‡j fzj K‡ib bv|

Dcwbl‡` D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, eªþ wek¦MZ I wek¦vZxZ| Dcwbl‡`i G Dw³i e¨vL¨vq ksKi e‡jb †h, hZÿY ch©šÍ RMr cÖ-c we`¨gvb _v‡K ZZÿY RMr eª‡þB AwawôZ _v‡K Ges eªng& wek¦MZ nb| †hgb- fzj ÁvbekZ wg_¨v mc© iwk‡Z AwawôZ _v‡K Ges iwk I mvc‡K Awfbœ g‡b nq| G †ÿ‡Î mvc †hgb iwk‡K †Kv‡bv cÖKvi KjywlZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Av‡jvi mvÿv‡Z iwk †_‡K wg_¨v mvc (mc©åg) †hgb wejyß nq| †Zgwbfv‡e ZË¡ Ávbx e¨w³i wbKU RMr cÖcÂI we`¨gvb _v‡K bv Ges eªþ ¯^iƒ‡c AwawôZ nb| myZivs weÁ e¨w³‡`i wPšÍvq eªþ wek¦vZxZ|

Zvn‡j, G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, e¨envwiK `„wófw½‡Z eªþ‡K m¸Y ejv †M‡jI cvigvw_©K `„wó‡Z eªþ wb¸©Y| Avi ksK‡ii g‡Z, G cvigvw_©K `„wófw½B mwVK `„wófw½| Z‡e ¯^¸Y eª‡þi c~Rv-AP©bv Z_v Dcvmbvi DcKvwiZv welqK ksKi A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| Zuvi g‡Z, eªþ ev Ck¦‡ii Dcvmbvi Øviv wPËïw× nq, †h wPËïw× Qvov wb¸©Y eª‡þi aviYvB Kiv hvq bv|

ksK‡ii g‡Z, AvZ¥v, eÜb I †gvÿ (Sankars Conception of soul, Bondage and Liberation)

AvZ¥v: ksK‡ii g‡Z, Rxe I eªþ GK| AvZ¥vB eªþ| RxevZ¥v I eªþvZ¥v GK I Awfbœ| Dcwbl‡`i ÔZË¡gwmÕ- G cÖwZ ev‡K¨B AvZ¥v I eª‡þi g‡a¨ †h †Kv‡bv †f` ev cv_©K¨ †bB, Zvi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| AvZ¥v †`n I gb †_‡K wfbœ, AvZ¥v ï× ‰PZb¨¯^iƒc| ksK‡ii g‡Z, RxevZ¥v I eªþvZ¥vi †f`, †Áq I ÁvZvi †f` cÖf„wZ mKj cÖKvi †f`B KwíZ I wg_¨v| AvZ¥v wbZ¨, wbwe©‡kl, ALÊ I Abv`x| AvZ¥v mr, wPr I Avb›`¯^iƒc| mvaviY AwfÁZvq wZbwU¯Íi jÿYxq| h_v- RvMÖZ, ¯^cœ I mylywß| mylywßKv‡j †KejgvÎ AvZ¥v ˆPZb¨ _v‡K, †Kv‡bv welq ev wel‡qi ¯§„wZ _v‡K bv| †hUv RvMÖZ ev ¯^cœve¯’vq we`¨gvb _v‡K| mylyw߇ZB RxevZ¥vi h_v_© ¯^iƒ‡ci Avfvm cvIqv hvq| mvaK a¨vbgMœ Ae¯’vq AvZ¥vi G ¯^iƒ‡ci cy‡ivcywi Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

eÜb : AvZ¥vi eÜb ev e× `kv n‡”Q, Awe`¨v ev AÁvbZvi Kvi‡Y AbvZ¥vi m‡½ Rxe‡i GKvZ¥Zv AbyfK Kiv| AÁvbZvekZB Rxe wb‡R‡K KZ©v, †fv³v I ÁvZv g‡b K‡i Ges RvMwZK myL-`ytL, †ivM-†kvK‡K Avcb myL-`ytL e‡j Abyfe K‡i| AvZ¥vi h_v_© AfveB Rx‡ei eÜb ev e× `kvi KviY|

†gvÿ ev †gvÿ jv‡fi Dcvq     

AvZ¥vi eÜb ev e×ve¯’v †_‡K gyw³ jvf n‡”Q †gvÿ| GLb cÖkœ n‡jv AvZ¥vi G eÜb ev e×ve¯’v †_‡K gyw³ jvf Kiv hv‡e wKfv‡e? ksKi e‡jb, AvZ¥Ávb RvMÖZ n‡j A_©vr AvZ¥Ávjvf Ki‡Z cvi‡j Awe`¨v ev AÁvbZv `~ixf~Z n‡q Rxe AvZ¥vi h_v_© ¯^iƒc AeMZ nq Ges Rx‡ei G Dcjwä Rv‡M †h, AvZ¥v ¯^iƒcZ eªþ| RxevZ¥v I cigvZ¥v Awfbœ ev GK| Rx‡ei hLb Dcjwä nq, ZLb Rx‡ei gyw³ ev †gvÿ jvf N‡U| ksK‡ii g‡Z, ˆew`K hvMhÁ Abyôvb †h‡nZz DcvË I Dcv‡Ëi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i, †m‡nZz Zv AÁvbZvcÖm~Z I A‰ØZÁv‡bi AšÍivq ¯^iƒc| ZvB wZwb e‡jb †h, AvZ¥Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ PZzwe©a mvabvi cÖ‡qvRb| h_v-

– wbZ¨vwbZ¨ e¯‘we‡eK, A_©vr wbZ¨ e¯‘ I AwbZ¨ e¯‘i ga¨Kvi †f` Ávb jvf Kiv|

– Bnv m~Îv‡_© dj †fvM weivM, A_©vr Bn‡jvK I ci‡jv‡K dj †fv‡M Abvmw³ ev msmv‡ii hveZxq e¯‘i cÖwZ weivM|

– Ôkg`gvw` mvab m¤úrÕ, A_©vr AšÍwiw›`ªq I ewnwiw›`ªqmg~‡ni mshg|

– gygyÿË¡ ev gyw³ jv‡fi Rb¨ HKvwšÍK B”Qv|

G mvab jä Ávb e¨ZwZ †gvÿ jvf m¤¢e bq| KviY evK¨ I gb Øviv eªþ‡K Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e nq bv ( eªþ AevO gvbm †MvPig)| c~‡e©v³ mvab PZzóq gygyÿ e¨w³‡K eªþ wRÁvmvi AwaKvix K‡i| Gfv‡e mvavbvi wm× e¨w³ eªþvÁ ¸iæi KvQ †_‡K AvZ¥Ávb jvf K‡ib|

ksKivPvh© e‡jb, AvZ¥Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wZbwU A½| h_v- kªeY, gbb I wbw`a¨vmb| kªeY n‡”Q cÖ_‡g eªþvÁ ¸iæi Kv‡Q wM‡q kª×v mnKv‡i I GKwbôfv‡e Dcwbl‡`i evYx kªeY Kiv| wØZxq A½ gbb n‡”Q hyw³-Z‡e©i gva¨‡g Dcwbl‡`i Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv| wbw`a¨vmb n‡”Q ¸iæi KvQ †_‡K cÖvß Áv‡bi wbišÍi a¨vb Kiv| G fv‡e wZbwU A½ AwZµg K‡i AvZ¥Ávb AwR©Z n‡j mKj cÖKvi AÁvbZv `~i n‡e, Dcwbl‡`i evYx‡Z `„p cÖZ¨q Rb¥v‡e| Ggb Ae¯’vq ¸iæ gygyÿ e¨w³‡K ÔZr Z¡g AwmÕ, A_©vr ÔZzwgB †m eªþÕ- G cÖwZ ev‡K¨i Dc‡`k w`‡eb| AZtci gygyÿ e¨w³ G evYxi Dci wbišÍi a¨vb Ki‡eb Ges a¨v‡bi djkÖæwZ‡Z Zvi ÔAvwgB eªþÕ (†mvnng) G m‡Z¨i Dcjwä n‡e| Gfv‡e AvZ¥vi ¯^iƒ‡ci Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡j Rx‡ei †gvÿ jvf nq| Gfv‡e gyw³ jvf Kivi ciI Rx‡ei †`n aviY Pj‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ZLb †gvÿ e¨w³i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Ô†`nvZ¥‡evaÕ _v‡K bv| RM‡Zi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv Avmw³ _v‡K bv| Ggb Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq Rx‡ei Rxeb¥yw³, c~e©R‡b¥i Kg©dj †fvM †kl n‡q Rx‡ei myL I ¯’~j †`n webó n‡q Zvi we‡`n gyw³ N‡U|

ksK‡ii g‡Z, †gvÿ ev gyw³ jv‡f AvZ¥v b~Zb wKQz jvf K‡i bv| †Kbbv AvZ¥v Ges †`‡ni GKZ¡‡evaB gyw³, Avi AvZ¥v I †`n †h GK- G K_v aªæe mZ¨| G mZ¨‡K AÁvbZv Avovj K‡i iv‡L e‡jB AvZ¥v I eª‡þi g‡a¨ GKwU †f‡`i m„wó nq| AvZ¥Ávb hLb Avovj‡K AwZµg K‡i, ZLb AvZ¥v ¯^iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i| GUvB AvZ¥vi †gvÿ ev gyw³| ksK‡ii g‡Z, AvZ¥vi G gyw³ †KejgvÎ `yt‡Li AvZ¨wšÍK wbe„wËB bq, †gvÿ Ae¯’vq GK Avb›`Nb Ae¯’vI| KviY eªþ Avb›`¯^iƒc Ges eªþ I RxevZ¥vi GK‡Z¡i DcjwäB n‡jv †gvÿ ev gyw³|   

ksK‡ii gvqv ev Awe`¨vi mßav AbyccwË

ivgvbyR Zuvi kªxfv‡l¨ ksK‡ii gvqv ev Awe`¨vi mgv‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ Ômßav AbyccwËÕ ev mvZ cÖKv‡ii †`vl †`wL‡q‡Qb| wb‡gœ GB mßav AbyccwË I Zvi weiæ‡× A‰ØZ‡e`všÍx‡`i DËi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

1| AvkªqZ¡vbyccwË : ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z ksK‡ii Awe`¨vi †Kvb Avkªq _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Rxe ev eªþ KvD‡KB Awe`¨vi Avkªq e‡j wm×všÍ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i bv| eªþ ¯^cÖKvk Ges Ávb¯^iƒc| Kv‡RB Áv‡bi m‡½ AÁv‡bi we‡iva _vKvq Awe`¨viƒcx AÁvb Áv‡bi Kv‡Q _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB eªþ KLbI Awe`¨v ev AÁv‡bi Avkªq n‡Z cv‡ib bv| [2] Rxe Awe`¨viB m„wó ev Kvh©| Kvh© wKfv‡e Kvi‡Yi Avkªq n‡Z cv‡i? Kv‡RB Rxe Awe`¨vi Avkªq n‡Z cv‡i bv|

A‰ØZ‡e`všÍxiv Gi Dˇi e‡jb †h, eªþ Ávb¯^iƒc n‡jI AÁvb ev Awe`¨vi Avkªq n‡Z cv‡i| eª‡þi gvqvkw³‡K hLb Awe`¨v ejv nq ZLb Zvi h_v_© A_© nj- GB kw³ Rx‡ei g‡a¨ AÁvbZv Drcbœ K‡i| H›`Rvwj‡Ki B›`ªRvj kw³ †hgb AÁ `k©K‡K cÖZvwiZ K‡i, H›`ªRvwjK wb‡R †hgb Zvi Qjbvq cÖZvwiZ nb bv, †Zgwb eª‡þi gvqvkw³ AÁ e¨w³‡KB cÖZvwiZ K‡i, eªþ Zvi Øviv cÖZvwiZ nb bv| ZvQvovI ï× ˆPZb¨ eªþ AÁv‡bi Avkªq n‡Z cv‡i| KviY AšÍtKiY e„wˇZ cÖwZdwjZ n‡j Áv‡b Ggb GK kw³ mÂvwiZ nq hv AÁvbZv m„wó K‡i| ÔÁv‡bi e„wËm¤úK©B AÁv‡bi bvkK|Õ Rwe‡KI AÁv‡bi Avkªq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| evP®úwZ wgkª e‡jb †h exR †hgb A¼z‡ii Avkªq, A¼ziI †Zgwb ex‡Ri Avkª‡qi Rb¨ Rx‡ei Dci wbf©i GK_v ejvi †Kvb evav †bB|

2| ¯^iƒcvbyccwË: ivgvbyR e‡jb †h, A‰ØZ‡e`všÍxiv †h Awe`¨viƒc †`v‡li K_v e‡jb, †mB Awe`¨viƒc †`vl wK mZ¨, bv wg_¨v? GB †`vl mZ¨ bq, †Kbbv ksKi wb‡RB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, Awe`¨v mr bq| hw` Awe`¨v‡K mr e‡j ¯^xKvi Kiv nq Zvn‡j eªþ QvovI Aci GKwU mr e¯‘ ¯^xKvi Kivi Rb¨ A‰ØZev` ˆØZev‡` cwiYZ nq| GB Awe`¨v‡K wg_¨vI ejv P‡j bv| KviY GB Awe`¨v wK ÁvZv, †Áq ev Ávb¯^iƒc Zv wbiƒcY Kiv `iKvi| GB wZb †kYxi e¯‘ Qvov Aci †Kvb e¯‘ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| A‰ØZ †e`všÍ g‡Z ÁvZv I †Áq cvigvw_©K ev mZ¨ bq, †Kej Ávb¯^iƒc eªþB mZ¨| GB Awe`¨v‡`vl Ávb¯^iƒc n‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY Ávb¯^iƒc eªþB mZ¨ Ges Ávb¯^iƒc eª‡þi †Kvb †f` ¯^xKvi Kiv P‡j bv| Avevi Awe`¨v‡`v‡li KviY ¯^iƒc Ab¨ †Kvb Awe`¨v‡`v‡li Kíbv Kiv n‡j ÔAbve¯’v †`vlÕ NU‡e| hw` GB Abve¯’v †`v‡li cwinv‡ii Rb¨ mª‡þ‡KB †`vliƒcx Kíbv Kiv nq Zvn‡j eªþ †h‡nZz wbZ¨ †mB †`v‡li Avi wbe„wË n‡e bv| myZivs †`vl hw` webó bv nq, gyw³jvfI m¤¢e n‡e bv| ZvQvov eªþB hw` †`vliƒcx nb Zvn‡j wZwb RMriƒc cÖc‡Âi cÖZxwZi g~j KviY †nZ cv‡ib| cÖcW‡n&Qi b¨vq Aci GKwU Awe`¨v Kíbvi wK cÖ‡qvRb? Kv‡RB eªþ †_‡K ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Awe`¨vi mZ¨Zv ¯^xKvi bv Ki‡j RMr åvšÍ ev wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i bv& Kv‡RB Awe`¨vi ¯^iƒc cÖgvY Kiv hvq bv|

Gi Dˇi A‰ØZ‡e`všÍxiv e‡jb, Awe`¨v cieª‡þi kw³| RMr cÖP GB kw³iB cwiYvg| ï× ˆPZb¨ GB Awe`¨vi Awaôvb, hv‡K Avkªq K‡iB Awe`¨vi cwiYvg N‡U| ï× ˆPZb¨ Qvov Awe`¨v-†`v‡li KviY wn‡m‡e Ab¨vb¨ †`v‡li Kíbvi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

3| Awbe©PbxqZ¡vbyccwË : ksKi Awe`¨v‡K Awbe©Pbxq e‡j‡Qb| KviY Awe`¨v Ômr-IÕ bq Avevi ÔAmr-IÕ bq| ivgvbyR e‡jb †h, Ôme©vP cÖZxwZt m`m`vKviv|Õ mË¡ ev AmË¡ iƒ‡cB c`v‡_©i cÖZxwZ nq| c`v_© nq mr wKsev Amr n‡e, wKš‘ mr-I bq, Amr-I bq, GBiƒc c`v‡_©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Kv‡RB A‰ØZ¡‡e`všÍxiv hLb Awe`¨v‡K Awbe©Pbxq e‡jb ZLb Zvi mg_©‡b †Kvb hyw³ †bB|

A‰ØZ¡‡e`všÍxiv e‡jb †h, c`v_© †h Awbe©Pbxq n‡Z cv‡i cÖZ¨ÿ, Abygvb †_‡KB Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| å‡gi †ejvq ïw³‡Z hLb iRZ cÖZ¨ÿ nq| GB cÖZ¨ÿB Awbe©Pbxq Awe`¨vi cÖgvY| ïw³‡Z hLb iRZ cÖZ¨ÿ nq, ZLb Zv‡K G‡Kev‡i AjxK ejv P‡j bv| KviY AvKvkKzmy‡gi gZ ev eܨvcy‡Îi gZ Zv wbQK AjxK bq, Avevi ïw³i Ávb n‡j hLb iR‡Zi wg_¨v Ávb `~ixf~Z nq, ZLb Zv‡K Ômr-IÕ ejv hvq bv| Kv‡RB iRZ ÔAmr-IÕ bq Avevi Ômr-IÕ bq| myZivs G‡K Awbe©Pbxq ejv Qvov †Kvb Dcvq †bB|

4| wZ‡ivavbvbyccwË : A‰ØZ¡ †e`všÍ g‡Z Awe`¨v eª‡þi cÖKvk‡K Ave„Z K‡i| wKš‘ ivgvbyR e‡jb, eªþ ¯^qs cÖKvk| Kv‡RB Awe`¨v hw` eª‡þi cÖKvkK‡K Ave„Z K‡i Zvn‡j Aek¨B ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h eª‡þi cÖKv‡ki wZ‡ivavb ev we‡jvc N‡U|

Gi Dˇi A‰ØZ¡‡e`všÍxiv e‡jb †h, Mvp †g‡N hLb m~h© Ave„Z nq ZLb Zv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ m~h©‡K AveiY K‡i bv, `ªóvi cÖZ¨ÿ‡K Ave„Z K‡i gvÎ| †g‡Ni Avei‡Y cÖKvkgq m~‡h©i wZ‡ivavb N‡U bv| †gN AšÍwn©Z n‡jB m~h© cÖKvwkZ nq| Awe`¨vi Avei‡Y eª‡þi cÖKv‡ki wZ‡ivavb N‡U bv| eª‡þi h_v_© ¯^iƒc Rx‡ei `„wó‡Z cÖwZfvZ nq bv, GB gvÎ|

5| cÖgvYvbyccwË: ivgvbyR e‡jb †h, Awe`¨v †h fve-c`v_© Zv cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ A‰ØZ¡‡e`všÍxiv cÖZ¨ÿ, Abygvb, AvMg, A_©vcwË cÖf…wZ Dc¯’vwcZ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ GB me cÖgvY Awe`¨vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb- A‰ØZ¡‡e`všÍxiv e‡jb †h, ÔAvwg AÁÕ ev ÔAvwg Avgv‡K wKsev Aci KvD‡KI Rvwb bvÕ - GB me cÖgvY K‡i †h, Awe`¨v fve c`v_©| G mKj †ÿ‡Î †h AÁv‡bi cÖZxwZ nq Zv cÖZ¨ÿ cÖgv‡Yi welq| GB AÁvb Afve-c`v_© bq, fve-c`v_©| ÔAvwg AÁÕ BZ¨vw` Abyfe ev Ávb KLbI AvZ¥MZ Ávbvfv‡ei welq n‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY GB ÔAÁZ¡Õ Abyfe hLb _v‡K ZLb AvZ¥vi Ávb we`¨vgvbB _v‡K, bZzev AvZ¥vi Øviv wb‡Ri AÁZv KLbI Abyf~Z n‡Z cv‡i bv|AZGe GB AÁvb ÔfveÕ c`v_©| ivgvbyR e‡jb †h, ÔAvwg AÁÕ- GB cÖZ¨ÿ, Áv‡bi Afve m~Pbv K‡i| Kv‡RB cÖZ¨ÿ fveiƒc Awe`¨vi cÖgvY n‡Z cv‡I bv| ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z AÁvb A-Ávb ev Ávb bq GB fv‡eB wm× n‡e, ÔAÁvbÕ e‡j GKwU c„_K e¯‘iƒ‡c ¯^qswm× n‡e bv| Ávbvfve ej‡j ÔÁvb †bBÕ GBiƒc Afve iƒ‡cB Ávbvfve K_vwU‡K †jv‡K e¨envi K‡I, †mBiƒc ÔAvwg AÁÕ, ÔAvwg Avgv‡K Ges Aci KvD‡KI Rvwb bvÕ BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î GB AÁvb‡K Afveiƒ‡cB ¯^xKvi Kiv KZ©e¨, Afvee¯‘I AwZwi³ fvee¯‘iƒ‡c Kíbvi †Kvb KviY †`Lv hvq bv|

Gi Dˇi A‰ØZ¡‡e`všÍxiv e‡jb †h, ÔAvwg AÁÕ- GB cÖZ¨ÿ, Áv‡bi Afve m~Pbv K‡i bv| Afv‡e Ávb c‡ivÿfv‡e nq| Abycjwä cÖgv‡Yi mvnv‡h¨B Afv‡ei Ávb nq| ÁvZv hLb e‡jb †h Avwg AÁ ZLb wZwb wb‡Ri AÁZv mvÿvrfv‡e cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib|

6| wbeZ©KvbyccwË: ksK‡ii g‡Z wbwe©‡kl eªþ-Ávb †_‡KB Awe`¨vi wbe„wË mvab nq| ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z wbe©‡kl eª‡þi Áv‡b Awe`¨v `~wif~Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| kÖæwZ, ¯§„wZ, cyivY cÖf„wZ‡Z eªþ‡K wbwe©‡kl ejv nq wb, mwe‡kl m¸YB ejv n‡q‡Q| ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z m¸Y eªþ ev Ck¦‡ii ÁvbB Rxe‡i eÜb gyw³i Dcvq| Rxe eª‡þi H‡K¨i Ávb hv Awe`¨v bvk Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j A‰ØZ‡e`všÍxiv g‡b K‡ib, Zv wg_¨v| Kv‡RB wg_¨A ÁAb‡K `yi Ki‡Z n‡j Aci GK Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|

GB Awf‡hv‡Mi Dˇi A‰ØZ‡e`všÍxiv e‡jb †h, kÖæwZ, ¯§„wZ I cyiv‡Y wb¸©Y I m¸Y Dfq cÖKvË¡ eª‡þiB cwiPq cvIqv hvq| m¸Y eªþ Awe`¨v KwíZ, Z‡e m¸Y eª‡þi Dcvmbv wb¸©Y eªþÁv‡bi Dcvq¯^iƒc|

7| wbe„˨vbyccwË: ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z Awe`¨vi wbe„wË m¤¢e bq, KviY Ggb †Kvb Ávb †bB hvi Øviv Awe`¨vi wbe„wË n‡Z cv‡i| mKvg K‡g©i Rb¨B Rx‡ei AÁvbZv, Kv‡RB e„þ I AvZ¥vi A‡f` ev GKZ¡ Áv‡b †mB Awe`¨vi wbe„wË n‡Z cv‡i bv|

A‰ØZ‡e`všÍxiv e‡jb, Rxe-eª‡þi HK¨ Áv‡bB Awe`¨vi wbe„wË nh| AÁvbZvekZt AbvZ¥vi m‡½ AvZ¥vi GKvZ¥Zv Abyfe Kivi Rb¨B Rx‡ei e×`kv, AvZ¥Áv‡bi D`q n‡jB AÁAbZv `~ixf~Z nq|

mgv‡jvPbv

–  ksKivPvh© RMZ‡K wg_¨v e‡j‡Qb wKš‘ RMZ‡K wg_¨v cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ ch©vß hyw³ †`b wb|

–  ksKi e‡jb, Rx‡ei ga¨ w`‡q eªþ wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i| wKš‘ GwU wKfv‡e m¤¢e Zv ¯úó bq|

–  ksKi AvZ¥v‡K eªþ e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘ GwU cÖgv‡Y wZwb ch©vß hyw³ †`b wb|

–  ksKi A‰ØZev`‡K k~Y¨ev` †_‡K c„_K e‡jb| wKš‘ cÖK„Zc‡ÿ G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB|

–  ksKi gvqv‡K wbZ¨ e‡j‡Qb, wKš‘ gvqv wbZ¨ n‡j Gi wbeZ©K Ávb m¤¢e bq|

Dcmsnvi

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, bvbvwea mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Ë¡I ksK‡ii A‰ØZev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| Zuvi A‰ØZev` ïaygvÎ fviZxq `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î bq, we‡k¦i `vk©wbK wPšÍvavivi †ÿ‡Î GK cig g~j¨evb m¤ú`| ZvwË¡K MfxiZv, m~² wePvi-eyw× I ewjô wPšÍvavivi †h Mfxi cwiPq ksKi-`k©‡b cvIqv hvq Zv GK K_vq AZzjbxq| †h m~² wePvieyw× I hyw³Z‡K©i mvnv‡h¨ wZwb cÖwZc‡ÿi gZvgZ¸wj LÊb K‡i‡Qb Zv wbtm‡Ü‡n we¯§qKi| ¯^vfvweK I ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e Zuvi wPšÍaviv e‡q P‡j‡Q Ges GBfv‡e wZwb Zuvi `vk©wbK gZ cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb| ksKivPv‡h©i cÖewZ©Z A‰ØZev‡`i g~j K_v nj- G RMr cÖK…wZi cwiYvg bq, eª‡þiI cwiYvg bq| G RMr eª‡þi weeZ©b ev åvšÍ cÖKvk gvÎ| ksK‡ii g‡Z, AvZ¥v ev e„þB GKgvÎ mZ¨| AvZ¥v ev eªþ ˆPZb¨gq I m‡›`nvZxZ mZ¨| Zuvi gn‡Ë¡i K_v D‡jøL Ki‡Z wM‡q ivavK…òb e‡jb †h, ÒksKi Avgv‡`i mZ¨‡K fvjevm‡Z, hyw³‡K kª×v Ki‡Z Ges Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z wkwL‡q‡Qb| Ó    

Bibliography

1)      †Nvl i‡g›`ªbv_, fviZxq `k©b, XvKv, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1983|

2)      †mb¸ß cÖ‡gv`eÜz, fviZxq `k©b, wØZxq LÊ, KjKvZv, e¨vbvRx© cvewjkvm©, 1990|

3)      ingvb gvneyeyi †gv:, fviZxq `k©b, XvKv, BQvgwZ cÖKvkbx, 2011|

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[1] †Nvl i‡g›`ªbv_, fviZxq `k©b, XvKv, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1983, c„-418|

[2] ÒÁvb¯^iƒcm¨ eªþ‡Yv we‡ivav‡`e ÁvbvkªqZœg&|Ó - kªxfvl¨, cÖ-168|